The current influx of dietary supplements on the world market has left the average man at a loss for which product to try in their desire to improve their physicality and increase their vitality. Most of these weight loss products are nothing more than sugar and caffeine with a few other stimulants packaged within that cause a diuretic effect when ingested. The result is that the user will of course lose weight.
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High-carbohydrate diets increase the levels of blood glucose and of harmful blood fats known as triglycerides while reducing levels of protective HDL or “good” cholesterol, thereby increasing heart disease risk, according to background information in the article. However, not all carbohydrates have the same effect on blood glucose levels. The glycemic index is a measure of how much a food raises blood glucose levels compared with the same amount of glucose or white bread. A related measure, the glycemic load, is calculated based on the glycemic index of a given food and also on the total amount of carbohydrates it contains.
Sabina Sieri, Ph.D., of Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy, and colleagues studied 47,749 Italian adults — 15,171 men and 32,578 women — who completed dietary questionnaires. Based on their responses, the researchers calculated their overall carbohydrate intakes as well as the average glycemic index of the foods they consumed and the glycemic loads of their diets. During a median (midpoint) of 7.9 years of follow-up, 463 participants (158 women and 305 men) developed coronary heart disease.
The one-fourth of women who consumed the most carbohydrates overall had approximately twice the risk of heart disease as the one-fourth who consumed the least. When these carbohydrates were separated into high- and low-glycemic index categories, increased intake from high-glycemic index foods was significantly associated with greater risk of coronary heart disease, whereas low-glycemic index carbohydrates were not. “Thus, a high consumption of carbohydrates from high-glycemic index foods, rather than the overall quantity of carbohydrates consumed, appears to influence the risk of developing coronary heart disease,” the authors write.
The one-fourth of women whose diet had the highest glycemic load had 2.24 times the risk of heart disease compared with the one-fourth of women with the lowest glycemic load.
Overall carbohydrate intake, glycemic index and glycemic load were not associated with heart disease risk in men. This could be because the adverse changes associated with carbohydrate intake, including triglyceride levels, are stronger risk factors for heart disease in women than in men, the authors note.
“We tentatively suggest that the adverse effects of a high glycemic diet in women are mediated by sex-related differences in lipoprotein and glucose metabolism, but further prospective studies are required to verify a lack of association of a high dietary glycemic load with cardiovascular disease in men,” they conclude.
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Chokeberry–a bright-red and dark-purple fruit rich in antioxidants–may help protect against weight gain and keep blood sugar in check, according to a new animal study.
For the study, researchers focused on a group of rats with pre-diabetes (a condition in which blood sugar levels are abnormally high, but not high enough for a diagnosis of diabetes). For six weeks, the rats drank either pure water or water infused with high levels of chokeberry extract. At the end of the six-week period, researchers found that chokeberry-fed rats weighed less and had less body fat than the animals that drank pure water. Compared to the control group, the chokeberry-fed rats also had lower levels of cholesterol, blood sugar, blood fats, and inflammation.
Chokeberry is high in anthocyanins, a type of antioxidant also abundant in natural remedies like bilberry, tart cherries, and elderberry.
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The cerebellum, an area of the brain thought to be involved with the development of our fears, was studied in goldfish by researchers at the University of Hiroshima in Japan. Using classical conditioning, Masayuki Yoshida and Ruriko Hirano taught their fish to become afraid of a light flashed in their eyes. By administering a low voltage electric shock every time a light was shone, the fish were taught to associate the light with being shocked, which slowed their hearts — the typical fish reaction to a fright.
Yoshida explains, “As you would expect, the goldfish we used in our study soon became afraid of the flash of light because, whether or not we actually gave them a shock, they had quickly learned to expect one. Fear was demonstrated by their heart beats decreasing, in a similar way to how our heart rate increases when someone gives us a fright.”
Humans can also be 'trained' to become afraid, and in fact, simple classical conditioning rooted in our childhood and early development can explain many of our behaviours. In this study however, the team discovered that fish that had first been injected in the cerebellum with lidocaine had stable heart rates and showed no fear when the light was shone — they were unable to learn to become afraid.
Since the brains of goldfish show many similarities with those of mammals, including humans, it is hoped that with further study it may soon be possible to understand more about the biological and chemical processes that cause us to become afraid. For the goldfish, the effect of lidocaine is only temporary — fearless fish return to being frightened fish as soon as the anaesthetic has worn off. Nevertheless, one day, our irrational phobias could become a thing of the past.
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The quantitative analysis was conducted through an unprecedented collaboration of scientists from the United States and Kazakhstan. Data used in the study were collected in the Ural River, the only remaining Caspian Sea river where beluga sturgeon reproduce unhindered by dams.
“This is the first time that anyone has calculated sustainable harvest limits for Caspian Sea beluga sturgeon and compared them to present fishing pressure,” said Dr. Phaedra Doukakis, Senior Research Scientist with the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science at Stony Brook University and lead author of the study. “We can finally attach numbers to what people have suspected — that current management of Caspian Sea sturgeon fisheries will not prevent further population decline. We hope that this study provides the evidence needed to shift mindsets and management practices,” added Dr. Doukakis.
Populations of beluga sturgeon have declined by nearly 90 percent in the past several decades due to the high demand for black caviar, inadequate management, and habitat degradation.
Black caviar, the unfertilized roe (eggs) of the beluga sturgeon, is the most valuable of all caviar, and can be sold for as much as $8,000 for one kilogram (2.2 pounds). There has been grave concern about increasingly dwindling numbers of this already depleted species, which has gone extinct in the Adriatic Sea and is on the brink of extinction in the Azov Sea.
The results of the analyses* conducted by the participating scientists show that fishing pressure far exceeds sustainable levels and that limiting the take of adult and subadult sturgeon will contribute more to the population growth rate as compared with hatchery supplementation.
The beluga sturgeon can live more than 100 years, and do not reach maturity until 9 to 20 years of age. The researchers found that the optimal age of first harvest is 31 years because older and larger fish produce more eggs. Conservation efforts would be much more effective than current practices if minimum size limits for fishing targeted this optimum age for first capture and if the illegal harvest of subadult fish were reduced. These fishing limits would allow the survival of subadult and adult females and would increase population productivity by ten times that achieved by hatchery supplementation, according to the study's findings.
Currently the fishery management focus for beluga sturgeon conservation is on using hatcheries to sustain the population. However, survival of hatchery-reared fish in the wild is thought to be very low. Additionally, genetic diversity may be compromised by hatchery practices, which can potentially jeopardize the long-term survival of all beluga sturgeon. Despite the potential threats posed by hatchery fish, regulatory agencies allow more fishing (higher quotas) by countries with higher hatchery output.
“This study clearly shows that reducing the mortality of wild beluga sturgeon adults is a much more effective conservation strategy than hatchery supplementation,” said Dr. Ellen Pikitch, Executive Director of the Institute for Ocean Conservation Science and a co-author of the study. “Ten hatchery fish would need to be produced to achieve the same conservation benefit as preventing the kill of a single wild beluga sturgeon. It's clear that the focus of sturgeon management in the region has been misplaced and must change. A shift in practices could prevent further declines in beluga sturgeon and ultimately promote recovery,” added Dr. Pikitch.
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) listed beluga and most other species of sturgeon as threatened in 1998 with an Appendix II listing. However, beluga sturgeon numbers have declined by approximately sixty percent from the time of the listing through 2005 showing that existing management of beluga sturgeon fisheries has not been effective. The new research results suggest that a change in management focus is critical to stabilization and recovery of the species.
Drs. Pikitch and Doukakis will present the findings of this study and related research on the status of beluga sturgeon at a meeting they are convening on March 18, 2010 at the 15th Conference of Parties to CITES in Doha, Qatar.
*Scientists participating in the study used yield per recruit, spawning stock biomass per recruit, and elasticity analyses to make their evaluations. The first two analyses use life history parameters to determine acceptable levels of fishing mortality. The elasticity analysis uses similar parameters to pinpoint those parts of the fish's life history that contribute most to population growth.
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The importance of recreational fishing is also increasing in developing countries and economies in transition. Yet little attention has been paid in international fisheries policy documents to the responsible management of recreational fisheries. As a consequence, the issues faced by the recreational fishing sector are often overlooked or even disregarded by policy-makers and in public discussion about the future of the world's fisheries. The result might be that recreational fisheries interests are marginalized due to their perceived low social priority, resulting in increasing threats to aquatic ecosystems and recreational fisheries stemming from agriculture, river channelization, flood control and hydropower generation.
To harmonize the situation and provide a frame for a coherent debate and ultimately for action, the European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC), a statutory body of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, recently developed and published a Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries. Experts with different backgrounds from 17 countries prepared the Code under the auspices of EIFAC and coordinated by Fisheries Professors Robert Arlinghaus (Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Humboldt-University of Berlin, Germany) and Ian Cowx (University of Hull, UK).
The resulting Code was endorsed by EIFAC at its 25th Session in Turkey in 2008. It is intended to complement and extend the internationally accepted FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries. The policy document is framed specifically towards recreational fisheries practices and issues, describing the minimum standards of environmentally-friendly, ethically-appropriate and — depending on local situations — socially acceptable recreational fishing and its management. It also addresses activities that support recreational fisheries, such as aquaculture production of fish for stocking, the manufacture of gear, the tourism industry, the media, as well as fisheries management and research.
The Code works from the general assumption that recreational fisheries provide a vital source of recreation, employment, food and social and economic well-being for people throughout the world, both for present and future generations. The various benefits resulting from recreational fisheries to the sector and society at large are different to those of food and income that have been traditionally associated with fishing, but they are no less important. To continue being viable, however, recreational fishing needs to minimize any ecological impacts on aquatic biodiversity and also strive to harmonizing conflicts between other users of water resources, whilst continuing to deliver the huge benefits to people engaged in recreational fishing and associated industries. The Code provides direction for policy makers and managers on how to move towards this objective.
Although many of the principles and guidelines presented in the Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries are already addressed through national fisheries legislation and regional fisheries management regulations in many countries in Europe and elsewhere, the Code should help make these approaches more coherent. Not least, the provisions of the Code build on the enormous potential and engagement of anglers to serve as stewards of fish resources and aquatic ecosystems. The Code shall help capitalizing on this potential.
The Code of Practice for Recreational Fisheries should facilitate the overarching goal of sustainable fisheries along with increased acceptance and visibility of recreational fisheries among policy makers and managers as an important part of the world's fisheries. Being a voluntary instrument, it has no formal legal status. Initial reactions to the Code have been positive and encouraging. Some fisheries bodies and several governmental and non-governmental organizations have started to implement the Code, so the future looks optimistic. The challenge is to increase adoption and compliance of the principles in the Code, but strengthening commitment to and corporate will for its implementation and future development for regional and local application is recommended.
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Louis Warner